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Standing level

The water pressure inside the ground is proportional to the depth and the same as the atmospheric pressure on the free face and it is measured using standing levels. The ground's layers can be: aquiferous, where the standing level coincides with the grounds water level; aquiclude, where the water is confined to pressure as its upper surface is below the standing level; and the ground water table drawdown, where the standing level is below the upper water level. The standing level should be controlled during excavations for its negative effect on stability, seepage and structural chemical erosion.